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Car la production et cuisson de nos aliments, en incluant les \u00e9missions industrielles amont (fabrication des engrais, des intrants en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, et des machines agricoles), les \u00e9missions dans les exploitations, et celles \u00e0 l'aval (industries agro-alimentaires, transports, emballages, d\u00e9placements des consommateurs pour faire les courses, cuisson, etc) c'est un tiers des \u00e9missions mondiales, et pas loin du m\u00eame pourcentage en France.\n\nIl semble donc difficile de dire que nous allons devenir \"neutres\", ce qui suppose de supprimer la quasi-totali\u00e9 de nos \u00e9missions actuelles, sans s'occuper s\u00e9rieusement de ce secteur. C'est pour cela que The Shift Project se cherche le mouton ou la brebis \u00e0 5 pattes (c'est de circonstance) pour piloter la r\u00e9flexion \u00e0 venir sur la bonne mani\u00e8re de d\u00e9carboner notre assiette.\n\nSi faire un petit tour par les locaux de cette association vous tente, \u00e0 vos CV ! 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Quand on \u00e9coute le bulletin, \"il fait beau\", utilise un adjectif qui est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement associ\u00e9 \u00e0 quelque chose de positif : il est assez rare que l'on emploie \"beau\" pour une situation dont on ne voudrait pas !\n\nMalheureusement, \"il fait beau\", en hiver (et m\u00eame en \u00e9t\u00e9 !), peut d\u00e9sormais \u00eatre associ\u00e9 \u00e0 un certain nombre d'inconv\u00e9nients dont on se passerait bien.\n\nTout d'abord, s'il \"fait beau\" c'est qu'il ne pleut pas. Notre pays s'appr\u00eate \u00e0 battre un record de dur\u00e9e de jours secs en hiver, avec plus de 3 semaines cons\u00e9cutives \u00e0 moins de 1 mm de pluie par jour sur le pays : https://bit.ly/3RZ2pdK\n\nCette s\u00e9cheresse hivernale survient alors que les nappes phr\u00e9atiques, au 1er janvier, \u00e9taient toujours \u00e0 un niveau bien trop bas sur une large partie du pays : https://bit.ly/3E7IALE (\"Plus des trois-quarts des nappes demeurent sous les normales mensuelles. Les niveaux sont nettement inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux de d\u00e9cembre 2021\"). Rappelons que la recharge des nappes l'hiver c'est le confort - voire la survie - de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation l'\u00e9t\u00e9.\n\nQuand \"il fait beau\", c'est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement que nous sommes en conditions anticycloniques, avec peu de vent, et donc la production \u00e9olienne est faible, ce qui est effectivement le cas en France en moyenne sur les derni\u00e8res semaines : https://bit.ly/3lttNod \n\nLa carte des contenus carbone des pays europ\u00e9ens \u00e0 l'instant o\u00f9 je tape ce post refl\u00e8te cette faiblesse, avec des moyens fossiles qui sont utilis\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re significative : https://lnkd.in/eRvA7w-a Deuxi\u00e8me cons\u00e9quence de \"il fait beau\", donc : les \u00e9missions de CO2 augmentent, ainsi que les \u00e9missions de polluants associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la production \u00e9lectrique fossile (oxydes d'azote et particules fines).\n\nQuand \"il fait beau\" en hiver, avec un ciel d\u00e9gag\u00e9, il fait g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement aussi froid. Cela augmente d'autant la consommation \u00e9lectrique - une deuxi\u00e8me raison d'avoir des centrales \u00e0 charbon qui fonctionnent plus - ainsi que le chauffage fossile ou au bois, qui \u00e9mettent aussi des polluants. Avec l'air qui circule peu (puisqu'il y a un anticyclone), et les autres sources de particules (agriculture et transports), on se retrouve avec un \u00e9pisode de pollution aux particules fines un peu prononc\u00e9 : http://www2.prevair.org/ (choisir \"Europe\" et \"PM 2.5\" dans les menus d\u00e9roulants pour avoir une vue d'ensemble de l'Europe pour les particules les plus dangereuses). Les parisiens peuvent jeter un coup d'oeil \u00e0 https://airparif.asso.fr/ \n\nR\u00e9sumons : \"Il fait beau\" signifie donc une v\u00e9g\u00e9tation qui va souffrir l'\u00e9t\u00e9 prochain, une pollution (qui tue) et des \u00e9missions de CO2 en hausse. Si ces cons\u00e9quences \u00e9taient rappel\u00e9es \u00e0 chaque bulletin m\u00e9t\u00e9o, peut-\u00eatre que cela nous motiverait un peu plus \u00e0 d\u00e9carboner rapidement notre \u00e9conomie, et \u00e0 commencer \u00e0 nous exciter un peu plus s\u00e9rieusement sur la pr\u00e9paration au mieux \u00e0 un climat qui va devenir plus hostile pour tout ce qui pousse.\n\nC'\u00e9taient les bonnes nouvelles du jour :)"}, "originalLanguage": "French", "dashTranslationUrn": "urn:li:fsd_translation:(urn:li:share:7031166740042506240,fr)"}, "socialDetail": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialDetail:(urn:li:activity:7031166740847837185,urn:li:activity:7031166740847837185,urn:li:highlightedReply:-)", "comments": {"paging": {"start": 0, "count": 0, "total": 293, "links": []}, "elements": []}, "socialPermissions": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7031166740847837185,urn:li:fsd_profile:ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM)", "canPostComments": true, 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"title": {"textDirection": "FIRST_STRONG", "text": "Biodiversit\u00e9\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Ni l\u2019ampleur, ni la rapidit\u00e9, ni le caract\u00e8re syst\u00e9mique de l\u2019\u00e9croulement des insectes n\u2019ont \u00e9t\u00e9 anticip\u00e9s par les scientifiques\u00a0\u00bb"}}}, "commentary": {"templateType": "DEFAULT", "translationUrn": "urn:li:fs_translation:(urn:li:share:7030856556048973824,fr)", "numLines": 3, "text": {"textDirection": "FIRST_STRONG", "attributes": [{"start": 512, "length": 16, "miniProfile": {"firstName": "Stephane", "lastName": "Foucart", "dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_profile:ACoAAABv2IoBn0BOirWMxsoYYR5uscV_zSBgOsQ", "occupation": "Science correspondent at Le Monde", "objectUrn": "urn:li:member:7329930", "entityUrn": "urn:li:fs_miniProfile:ACoAAABv2IoBn0BOirWMxsoYYR5uscV_zSBgOsQ", "publicIdentifier": "stephane-foucart-a365552", "picture": {"com.linkedin.common.VectorImage": {"artifacts": [{"width": 100, "fileIdentifyingUrlPathSegment": 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d'\u00e9levage. Qui ? Les arthropodes terrestres, que nous appelons plus commun\u00e9ment les insectes : https://bit.ly/3XpnsYk (car les araign\u00e9es et les mille-pattes ne sont pas des insectes, ces derniers ayant 6 pattes).\n\nPourtant, leurs effectifs sont en baisse rapide. Ils le sont chez nous, mais aussi \"ailleurs\", comme par exemple en Asie : https://bit.ly/3Xto9j4\n\nDans cette tribune parue dans Le Monde, Stephane Foucart, journaliste sciences, rappelle une fois de plus cet effondrement en cours, tout en soulignant que, \u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence du climat, nous n'avons pas de \"ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne extr\u00eame\" qui survienne de temps \u00e0 autres pour nous r\u00e9veiller un peu (ce qui, m\u00eame pour le climat, est h\u00e9las peu impactant, puisqu'aucun ouragan ou aucune s\u00e9cheresse n'a pour le moment conduit \u00e0 une baisse des \u00e9missions mondiales).\n\nLa cause de cette baisse est connue : ce sont les substances que nous introduisons dans l'environnement pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment pour supprimer ces bestioles rampantes ou volantes. Depuis les d\u00e9buts de l'agriculture, notre esp\u00e8ce fait tout ce qu'elle a pu pour partager le moins possible le r\u00e9sultat de cette activit\u00e9 avec d'autres esp\u00e8ces.\n\nNous ne souhaitons pas que le champ pr\u00e9vu pour accueillir du bl\u00e9 ou des poireaux accueille aussi des \"mauvaises herbes\", qui captent une partie des nutriments et du soleil : c'est la raison de l'usage des herbicides, qui sont les premiers pesticides utilis\u00e9s en tonnage en France. \n\nNous ne souhaitons pas que les \u00e9pis de ma\u00efs ou les cerises soient partag\u00e9s avec des papillons ou des mouches : c'est la raison de l'usage des insecticides qui permettent d'avoir le produit des cultures \"rien que pour nous\". \n\nLa cons\u00e9quence n'est pas une surprise : les effectifs de ces insectes diminuent. La solution semble donc \u00e9vidente, et sa contrepartie aussi : pour pr\u00e9server les insectes, il faut utiliser moins d'insecticides... et accepter alors de laisser une petite partie de ce que nous cultivons \u00e0 ces animaux, qui serviront eux-m\u00eames de nourriture aux oiseaux et \u00e0 d'autres esp\u00e8ces animales. \n\nCela fera fatalement baisser les rendements agricoles, et donc monter le prix de la nourriture. La bonne question est de savoir si nous \u00e9chapperons de toute fa\u00e7on \u00e0 une hausse de prix pour ce que nous mangeons. Car, sans insectes pollinisateurs, il y aura des baisses de rendement pour un certain nombre de productions, et sans insectes tout court probablement des \"surprises\" pour certains services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques dont nous b\u00e9n\u00e9ficions aujourd'hui.\n\nIl est \u00e0 craindre que, pour la biodiversit\u00e9 plus encore que pour le climat, il n'y ait pas d'action \u00e0 large \u00e9chelle tant que nous ne serons pas \"atteints dans notre chair\", avec au surplus la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 faire le lien entre ce qui nous arrive et la v\u00e9ritable cause. Pour la biodiversit\u00e9 comme pour le climat, un de nos adversaires les plus redoutables est le sentiment que nous avons encore bien le temps."}, "originalLanguage": "French", "dashTranslationUrn": "urn:li:fsd_translation:(urn:li:share:7030856556048973824,fr)"}, "socialDetail": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialDetail:(urn:li:activity:7030856557022072832,urn:li:activity:7030856557022072832,urn:li:highlightedReply:-)", "comments": {"paging": {"start": 0, "count": 0, "total": 119, "links": []}, "elements": []}, "socialPermissions": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7030856557022072832,urn:li:fsd_profile:ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM)", "canPostComments": true, "entityUrn": "urn:li:fs_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7030856557022072832,urn:li:fs_profile:(ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM,en_US))", "messagePermission": "PUBLIC", "canShare": true, "canReact": true}, "showPremiumAnalytics": false, "hideFirstPrompt": true, "liked": false, 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Bernard Doroszczuk, Pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019Autorit\u00e9 de s\u00fbret\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire (ASN), et M. Olivier Gupta, Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral - Mardi 24 janvier 2023 on videos.assemblee-nationale.fr", "actionTarget": "https://videos.assemblee-nationale.fr/video.12773673_63cff1a1b41bb.souverainete-et-independance-energetique-de-la-france--m-bernard-doroszczuk-president-de-l-autori-24-janvier-2023"}, "description": {"textDirection": "FIRST_STRONG", "text": "- \u00c0 16 heures : - Audition, ouverte \u00e0 la presse, de MM. Bernard Doroszczuk, Pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019Autorit\u00e9 de s\u00fbret\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire (ASN), et Olivier Gupta, Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral"}, "showSmallTitle": false, "title": {"textDirection": "USER_LOCALE", "text": "Souverainet\u00e9 et ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de la France : M. Bernard Doroszczuk, Pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019Autorit\u00e9 de s\u00fbret\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire (ASN), et M. Olivier Gupta, Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral - Mardi 24 janvier 2023"}}}, "commentary": {"templateType": "DEFAULT", "translationUrn": "urn:li:fs_translation:(urn:li:share:7030653288962252800,fr)", "numLines": 3, "text": {"textDirection": "FIRST_STRONG", "text": "A quoi sert l'Autorit\u00e9 de S\u00fbret\u00e9 Nucl\u00e9aire ? Si vous vous \u00eates pos\u00e9 la question un jour, cette vid\u00e9o est faite pour vous. Il s'agit de l'audition du patron de l'ASN dans le cadre des auditions de la \"Commission d'enqu\u00eate visant \u00e0 \u00e9tablir les raisons de la perte de souverainet\u00e9 et d'ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de la France\".\n\nEn 3 heures de temps, sont pass\u00e9s en revue le mandat et le fonctionnement de cette instance, ses moyens, et l'articulation avec d'autres organismes impliqu\u00e9s dans la s\u00fbret\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire (comme l'IRSN, qui vient par ailleurs de faire l'objet d'une annonce inattendue de rattachement partiel \u00e0 l'ASN apr\u00e8s cette audition : https://lnkd.in/eQV9WjJU).\n\nEn 3 heures, il y a \u00e9videmment du temps pour aborder des questions un peu techniques, dont les suivantes :\n\n- est-ce le changement de cadre r\u00e9glementaire en cours de route qui explique une partie du retard \u00e0 Flamanville ?\n\n- pourquoi en France les installations doivent \u00eatre conformes \u00e0 l'\u00e9tat de l'art alors qu'aux USA il leur suffit d'\u00eatre conformes \u00e0 leurs sp\u00e9cifications d'origine ?\n\n-  l'ASN met-elle en balance la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 d'approvisionnement avec la s\u00fbret\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire ?\n\n- le niveau de s\u00fbret\u00e9 des installations nucl\u00e9aires fran\u00e7aises s'est-il d\u00e9grad\u00e9 parce que le parc est plus \u00e2g\u00e9 ?\n\n- y a-t-il un risque \u00e0 prolonger les centrales au-del\u00e0 de 40 ans ?\n\n- y a-t-il un risque de pertes de comp\u00e9tences \u00e0 utiliser des sous-traitants dans le nucl\u00e9aire ?\n\n- le parc - actuel ou futur - int\u00e8gre-t-il des mesures d'adaptation au changement climatique ?\n\n- l'EPR est-il un r\u00e9acteur trop compliqu\u00e9 parce qu'il est franco-allemand ?\n\n- la fili\u00e8re est-elle suffisamment attractive pour disposer des comp\u00e9tences qui seront n\u00e9cessaires pour mener un chantier ambitieux de \"renouveau nucl\u00e9aire\" ?\n\n- le pr\u00e9sident de l'ASN voit-il sa responsabilit\u00e9 personnelle n\u00e9cessairement engag\u00e9e en cas d'accident nucl\u00e9aire en France ? (cette question d\u00e9coulait d'une affirmation de Corinne Lepage soutenant que c'\u00e9tait le cas)\n\nDans cette intervention le pr\u00e9sident de l'ASN fait part \u00e0 plusieurs reprises d'une crainte forte : celle d'\u00eatre mis dans la situation o\u00f9 il serait amen\u00e9 \u00e0 choisir entre plonger le pays dans le noir et laisser fonctionner une installation qu'il aurait arr\u00eat\u00e9e \"en temps normal\". Cette situation se pr\u00e9sentera, dit-il, si la politique \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique se base sur des paris incertains ou un d\u00e9faut d'anticipation qui am\u00e8neraient le pays \u00e0 se retrouver sans marges. A bon entendeur..."}, "originalLanguage": "French", "dashTranslationUrn": "urn:li:fsd_translation:(urn:li:share:7030653288962252800,fr)"}, "socialDetail": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialDetail:(urn:li:activity:7030653289532661760,urn:li:activity:7030653289532661760,urn:li:highlightedReply:-)", "comments": {"paging": {"start": 0, "count": 0, "total": 21, "links": []}, "elements": []}, "socialPermissions": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7030653289532661760,urn:li:fsd_profile:ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM)", "canPostComments": true, "entityUrn": "urn:li:fs_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7030653289532661760,urn:li:fs_profile:(ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM,en_US))", "messagePermission": "PUBLIC", "canShare": true, "canReact": true}, "showPremiumAnalytics": false, "hideFirstPrompt": true, "liked": false, "showShareButton": true, "totalShares": 0, "urn": "urn:li:activity:7030653289532661760", "threadId": 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{"trackingActionType": "viewLink", "accessibilityText": "Open article: Des chercheurs sugg\u00e8rent de cr\u00e9er un \u00e9cran de poussi\u00e8re lunaire entre la Terre et le soleil pour att\u00e9nuer le changement climatique by msn.com", "actionTarget": "https://www.msn.com/fr-fr/actualite/technologie-et-sciences/des-chercheurs-sugg%C3%A8rent-de-cr%C3%A9er-un-%C3%A9cran-de-poussi%C3%A8re-lunaire-entre-la-terre-et-le-soleil-pour-att%C3%A9nuer-le-changement-climatique/ar-AA17iku5"}, "showSmallTitle": false, "type": "EXTERNAL_FULL", "title": {"textDirection": "FIRST_STRONG", "text": "Des chercheurs sugg\u00e8rent de cr\u00e9er un \u00e9cran de poussi\u00e8re lunaire entre la Terre et le soleil pour att\u00e9nuer le changement climatique"}}}, "commentary": {"templateType": "DEFAULT", "translationUrn": "urn:li:fs_translation:(urn:li:share:7030130261799366656,fr)", "numLines": 3, "text": {"textDirection": "FIRST_STRONG", "text": "En route pour la g\u00e9oing\u00e9nierie ! Si nous avons un exc\u00e8s d'effet de serre (= un exc\u00e8s de rayonnement infrarouge en provenance de l'atmosph\u00e8re), il suffit de diminuer un peu le rayonnement solaire re\u00e7u par la plan\u00e8te, et l'ensemble nous remet \u00e0 la bonne temp\u00e9rature. C'est b\u00eate comme chou non ?\n\nUne id\u00e9e pour y parvenir consiste \u00e0 placer entre la terre et le soleil un objet suffisamment vaste, et l\u00e9g\u00e8rement opaque, qui va intercepter une partie du rayonnement solaire et ainsi contribuer \u00e0 \"refroidir la terre\".\n\nLa m\u00e9canique c\u00e9leste nous indique en effet que, sur la ligne qui joint la terre au soleil, il existe un point - appel\u00e9 point de Lagrange - o\u00f9 l'attraction de la terre et celle du soleil dont de m\u00eame intensit\u00e9. Si l'on peut y placer un objet, ce dernier y reste (il est \"tir\u00e9 de chaque c\u00f4t\u00e9\" avec une force \u00e9gale), et se met alors \u00e0 orbiter autour du soleil \u00e0 la m\u00eame vitesse que la terre. \n\nIl y a donc p\u00e9riodiquement l'id\u00e9e de placer \u00e0 cet endroit de quoi rafra\u00eechir notre plan\u00e8te : de grands miroirs, ou, r\u00e9cemment, un nuage de poussi\u00e8re r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissante (https://bit.ly/3RYkybW ). A partir du pouvoir r\u00e9flexif des particules de poussi\u00e8re et de leur densit\u00e9, les chercheurs ont calcul\u00e9 qu'avec 10 millions de tonnes de poussi\u00e8re on pourrait diminuer la puissance solaire d'un peu moins de 2%. \n\nLa puissance solaire re\u00e7ue au niveau du sol \u00e9tant de 170 watts par m2 en moyenne (sur toute a surface et toute l'ann\u00e9e), 2% en moins ca fait 3 watts par m2, soit \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s le for\u00e7age actuellement du au suppl\u00e9ment humain d'effet de serre. CQFD.\n\nSauf que... 10 Mt repr\u00e9senterait 700 fois la masse combin\u00e9e de tout ce que les humains ont envoy\u00e9 dans l'espace depuis le d\u00e9but des fus\u00e9es. Si ca fait trop depuis la Terre, partons de la Lune ! Car en plus sur notre satellite il y a de la poussi\u00e8re \u00e0 volont\u00e9... Il n'y a qu'\u00e0 y construire une base permanente, et y d\u00e9velopper une industrie permettant de fabriquer fus\u00e9es et carburant \u00e0 partir de mat\u00e9riaux locaux et de rayonnement solaire (pour \u00e9viter d'amener sur la lune le poids des fus\u00e9es+carburants depuis la terre, ce qui \"ram\u00e8nerait au probl\u00e8me pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent\"). Une formalit\u00e9 :)\n\nPar ailleurs en arrivant au point de Lagrange les grains de poussi\u00e8re ont une \u00e9nergie cin\u00e9tique (la \"vitesse\" qui leur a permis de se d\u00e9placer depuis le point de lancement) et pas de p\u00e9dale de frein : ils ne peuvent \u00eatre \"arr\u00eat\u00e9s\" au bon endroit. Pire : si la position initiale d'un grain de poussi\u00e8re \"arr\u00eat\u00e9\" est \u00e9loign\u00e9e d'un km du point de Lagrange, au bout d'un an il se sera \u00e9loign\u00e9 \u00e0 plus de 1000 km du point en question (c'est un \u00e9quilibre metastable). Il faudrait donc r\u00e9alimenter ce nuage en permanence.\n\nQu'en d\u00e9duire ? Que la conclusion \u00e9vidente \u00e0 tirer de ce papier est que cette solution ne sera jamais \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle. C'est pourtant l'inverse que laissent penser quelques titres \u00e0 sensation relev\u00e9s ici ou l\u00e0. Avis aux journalistes qui ont relay\u00e9 ou veulent le faire : commencez par lire les petites lignes, comme avec les contrats d'assurance..."}, "originalLanguage": "French", "dashTranslationUrn": "urn:li:fsd_translation:(urn:li:share:7030130261799366656,fr)"}, "socialDetail": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialDetail:(urn:li:activity:7030130262550147072,urn:li:activity:7030130262550147072,urn:li:highlightedReply:-)", "comments": {"paging": {"start": 0, "count": 0, "total": 207, "links": []}, "elements": []}, "socialPermissions": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7030130262550147072,urn:li:fsd_profile:ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM)", "canPostComments": true, "entityUrn": "urn:li:fs_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7030130262550147072,urn:li:fs_profile:(ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM,en_US))", "messagePermission": "PUBLIC", "canShare": true, "canReact": true}, "showPremiumAnalytics": false, "hideFirstPrompt": true, "liked": false, 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Au mieux les cultures n'ont pas souffert par rapport \u00e0 2021, et au pire elles ont connu une baisse de rendement, de l'ordre de 15% pour le ma\u00efs ou le soja.\n\nMais c'est surtout sur l'herbe, qui fait l'objet de peu de syst\u00e8mes irrigu\u00e9s, que la chute a \u00e9t\u00e9 la plus forte : il y a eu un d\u00e9ficit de production des p\u00e2turages d'un tiers par rapport \u00e0 la moyenne 1989 - 2018, ce qui a fortement baiss\u00e9 une partie de la production de fromage AOP (par exemple pas de Salers cet \u00e9t\u00e9).\n\nCet article de Carbone 4 vous propose un petit tour d'horizon de l'ann\u00e9e \u00e9coul\u00e9e, compl\u00e9t\u00e9e par une analyse prospective sur 4 d\u00e9partements du Sud-Ouest (Aveyron, Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne et Lot).\n\nA cause de l'inertie de la d\u00e9rive climatique (qui s'amplifie tant que les \u00e9missions mondiales nettes ne sont pas nulles), les situations adverses vont se multiplier, et il est plus que temps de r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \u00e0 ce que nous allons faire en face, surtout qu'\u00e0 l'horizon de quelques d\u00e9cennies il va aussi y avoir un sujet sur la disponibilit\u00e9 de l'\u00e9nergie fossile, qui est partout dans les cultures : pour fabriquer les engrais azot\u00e9s, pour les amener dans les champs, pour faire avancer les tracteurs, pour faire avancer les camions \u00e0 l'aval du champ, pour faire tourner le secteur agroalimentaire.... \n\nL'agriculture est par ailleurs un syst\u00e8me humainement inerte : les actifs y aiment les traditions (ce qui est une mani\u00e8re de dire qu'ils n'aiment pas le changement !), la rotation du capital y est lente, et enfin y faire venir du monde ne se fait pas en un claquement de doigts.\n\nPour minimiser les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts, le ma\u00eetre mot, l\u00e0 comme ailleurs, est donc l'anticipation. Mais comment anticiper alors que nous avons b\u00e2ti un syst\u00e8me \u00e9conomique et r\u00e9glementaire dont la premi\u00e8re priorit\u00e9 est de tirer les prix vers le bas - ce qui prive le secteur de moyens d'investissement - sur la base de la comp\u00e9tition - qui raccourcit les horizons de temps - et pas du tout d'assurer la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 physique d'un syst\u00e8me r\u00e9silient ?\n\nLe secteur agricole n'est ni assez riche ni assez libre de ses mouvements pour d\u00e9cider en toute autonomie de moyens de \"faire ce qu'il faut\" pour rendre son activit\u00e9 la plus r\u00e9siliente possible, tout en abaissant la pression environnementale (\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, phytosanitaires) dont il est \u00e0 l'origine. Rappelons qu'il ne b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie aujourd'hui que de 2% des revenus \u00e9conomiques du pays, ce qui est peu pour un secteur dont 100% des autres activit\u00e9s d\u00e9pendent.  \n\nSi nous voulons une agriculture \u00e0 la fois plus r\u00e9siliente face \u00e0 l'amplification de la d\u00e9rive climatique \u00e0 venir et moins perturbatrice ce l'environnement, il y a un \u00e9l\u00e9ment que nous allons difficilement pouvoir \u00e9viter : d\u00e9cider de payer la nourriture plus cher. Sinon c'est ce qui finira par arriver de toute fa\u00e7on, mais de mani\u00e8re moins bien organis\u00e9e !"}, "originalLanguage": "French", "dashTranslationUrn": "urn:li:fsd_translation:(urn:li:share:7029872347792691200,fr)"}, "socialDetail": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialDetail:(urn:li:activity:7029872348539314176,urn:li:activity:7029872348539314176,urn:li:highlightedReply:-)", "comments": {"paging": {"start": 0, "count": 0, "total": 54, "links": []}, "elements": []}, "socialPermissions": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7029872348539314176,urn:li:fsd_profile:ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM)", "canPostComments": true, "entityUrn": "urn:li:fs_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7029872348539314176,urn:li:fs_profile:(ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM,en_US))", "messagePermission": "PUBLIC", "canShare": true, "canReact": true}, "showPremiumAnalytics": false, "hideFirstPrompt": true, "liked": false, "showShareButton": true, 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Dit autrement, si l'on se met \u00e0 \"laisser en paix\" un endroit qui \u00e9tait autrefois perturb\u00e9 par les activit\u00e9s humaines, est-ce que la biodiversit\u00e9 revient au niveau qu'elle aurait eu si nous n'avions jamais touch\u00e9 \u00e0 rien ?\n\nCela n'est pas garanti, indique une \u00e9tude parue dans Journal of Ecology (https://lnkd.in/e7G9q24e ), qui a examin\u00e9 le nombre et l'abondance des esp\u00e8ces sur des parcelles de prairie situ\u00e9es aux USA et anciennement agricoles qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 laiss\u00e9es \"\u00e0 l'abandon\" depuis 3 ans \u00e0 presque un si\u00e8cle. \n\nSur aucune des parcelles les esp\u00e8ces n'\u00e9taient au niveau de ce que l'on trouvait sur des prairies identiques n'ayant jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 exploit\u00e9s pour l'agriculture. Une soixantaine de plantes poussant sur les prairies \"primaires\" ne s'observaient sur aucune des parcelles de prairie \"secondaire\", m\u00eame au bout de plusieurs d\u00e9cennies. En moyenne, un tiers des esp\u00e8ces manque \u00e0 l'appel sur les parcelles ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 cultiv\u00e9es par rapport \u00e0 celles ne l'ayant jamais \u00e9t\u00e9. \n\nPour beaucoup d'entre nous, il y a l'id\u00e9e de r\u00e9versibilit\u00e9 dans l'\u00e9tat des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes : si la pression qui a conduit \u00e0 la baisse de la biodiversit\u00e9 est all\u00e9g\u00e9e ou supprim\u00e9e, alors la biodiversit\u00e9 se r\u00e9tablit pour l'essentiel. Cette \u00e9tude montre que la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 n'est pas si simple, et que la recolonisation d'un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me d\u00e9grad\u00e9 n'est pas n\u00e9cessairement automatique.\n\nEn outre cette \u00e9tude a \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9e avec une d\u00e9rive climatique limit\u00e9e : pour les esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales qui avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 supprim\u00e9es par l'exploitation agricole, le climat d'aujourd'hui est encore relativement proche de celui qui existait au moment de la mise de la prairie en culture. \n\nMais \u00e0 l'avenir le climat existant au moment de l'arr\u00eat de la pression sera de plus en plus diff\u00e9rent de celui qui existait au moment du d\u00e9marrage de la pression. La question de la r\u00e9versibilit\u00e9 sera n\u00e9cessairement encore plus pos\u00e9e dans ce contexte.\n\nCe que sugg\u00e8re l'article dans sa partie finale est de donner un \"coup de pouce\" \u00e0 la restauration de la biodiversit\u00e9, par exemple en plantant des graines des esp\u00e8ces qui ont du mal \u00e0 revenir spontan\u00e9ment. \n\nEn somme, la proposition est de corriger la baisse de la biodiversit\u00e9 caus\u00e9e par l'agriculture par... une autre forme d'agriculture ! 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Christophe B\u00e9chu demande la prise en compte d\u2019un sc\u00e9nario \u00e0 by lemans.maville.com", "actionTarget": "https://lemans.maville.com/actu/actudet_-rechauffement-climatique.-christophe-bechu-demande-la-prise-en-compte-d-un-scenario-a-+-4-c-_54135-5613674_actu.Htm"}, "showSmallTitle": false, "type": "EXTERNAL_FULL", "title": {"textDirection": "FIRST_STRONG", "text": "R\u00e9chauffement climatique. Christophe B\u00e9chu demande la prise en compte d\u2019un sc\u00e9nario \u00e0"}}}, "commentary": {"templateType": "DEFAULT", "translationUrn": "urn:li:fs_translation:(urn:li:share:7029152900555665408,fr)", "numLines": 3, "text": {"textDirection": "FIRST_STRONG", "text": "L'automobiliste qui boucle sa ceinture s'attend-il \u00e0 avoir un accident ? Le particulier qui paye sa prime d'assurance contre l'incendie s'attend-il \u00e0 voir son domicile en proie aux flammes ? Le navigateur qui enfile son gilet de sauvetage \u00e0 finir par-dessus bord ?\n\nLorsque le coup du sort est possible, la prudence veut que l'on prenne ses pr\u00e9cautions, pour parer des \u00e9ventualit\u00e9s alors m\u00eame que la personne qui est victime n'est pas en d\u00e9faut sur son propre comportement (comme un conducteur saoul qui ne vous a pas vu ou un coup de foudre).\n\nIl en va de m\u00eame pour le climat. Si l'\u00e9volution des conditions climatiques en France ne d\u00e9pendait que des \u00e9missions fran\u00e7aises (une chose que pensait un ministre que j'ai rencontr\u00e9 dans le gouvernement Macron I, accessoirement), on pourrait consid\u00e9rer que de pr\u00e9parer le pays \u00e0 une \u00e9volution climatique \"incompatible accords de Paris\" est une d\u00e9mission.\n\nMais ce que sera le climat de la France en 2100 d\u00e9pend avant tout de ce que vont \u00e9mettre tous les autres pays que le n\u00f4tre d'ici \u00e0 2100. Avons nous de la prise dessus ? La r\u00e9ponse est oui pour partie : d'une part l'humain est animal mim\u00e9tique (merci la mode pour nous le rappeler !), et d'autre part si nous trouvons des \"solutions\" chez nous nous pourrons ensuite les exporter.\n\nMais nous avons au mieux un pouvoir d'influence et non un pouvoir absolu. La prudence veut donc que l'on ait un plan B si la baisse des \u00e9missions ne va pas assez vite dans le monde (et actuellement elle ne va pas assez vite...). \n\nEn pratique, avoir ce plan B signifie \"durcir\" tout ce que nous pouvons durcir en France pour r\u00e9sister au mieux \u00e0 des conditions climatiques qui d\u00e9riveraient fortement par rapport au sc\u00e9nario \"id\u00e9al\" d'une hausse limit\u00e9e \u00e0 1,5 \u00b0C dans le monde (ce qui signifie plus en France car les terres \u00e9merg\u00e9es se r\u00e9chauffent plus vite que la moyenne).\n\nCe n'est pas une fois que la situation est \"cata\" que nous aurons la possibilit\u00e9 d'avoir en une semaine une for\u00eat constitu\u00e9e des bonnes esp\u00e8ces, des cultures r\u00e9sistant aux canicules ou hivers doux, des infrastructures et des voies de communication en \u00e9tat de fonctionner, ou encore des logements qui ne soient pas des fournaises.\n\nLe principe m\u00eame de s'y prendre maintenant pour \u00eatre \"pr\u00eat\" dans 50 ans, et d'utiliser d'un sc\u00e9nario tr\u00e8s adverse est donc une bonne chose : cela s'appelle de la prudence. \n\nPour passer \u00e0 l'action, il va d'abord falloir mod\u00e9liser pour chaque acteur les cons\u00e9quences possibles de 4\u00b0C de r\u00e9chauffement en France. Que risque un bailleur social ? Une installation industrielle ? Un pont ? Un r\u00e9seau d'eau ? Un agriculteur ? Un r\u00e9seau de communications ? Un h\u00f4pital ? \n\nPuis il faudra ensuite imaginer les moyens d'y r\u00e9pondre (et parfois le seul sera l'abandon...) et enfin les mettre en oeuvre.\n\nTout cela demandera des moyens intellectuels puis mat\u00e9riels (et donc des sous). Sans obligation s\u00e9rieuse de la puissance publique, il est peu probable qu'ils arrivent tous seuls \u00e0 la bonne vitesse !"}, "originalLanguage": "French", "dashTranslationUrn": "urn:li:fsd_translation:(urn:li:share:7029152900555665408,fr)"}, "socialDetail": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialDetail:(urn:li:activity:7029152901151227904,urn:li:activity:7029152901151227904,urn:li:highlightedReply:-)", "comments": {"paging": {"start": 0, "count": 0, "total": 90, "links": []}, "elements": []}, "socialPermissions": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7029152901151227904,urn:li:fsd_profile:ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM)", "canPostComments": true, "entityUrn": "urn:li:fs_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7029152901151227904,urn:li:fs_profile:(ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM,en_US))", "messagePermission": "PUBLIC", "canShare": true, "canReact": true}, "showPremiumAnalytics": false, "hideFirstPrompt": true, "liked": false, 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"urn:li:fsd_saveState:(SAVE,urn:li:article:8168114166776751448)"}, "subtitle": {"textDirection": "USER_LOCALE", "text": "lesechos.fr \u2022 1 min read"}, "navigationContext": {"trackingActionType": "viewLink", "accessibilityText": "Open article: Le Danemark et TotalEnergies acc\u00e9l\u00e8rent sur le stockage de CO2 by lesechos.fr", "actionTarget": "https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/energie-environnement/le-danemark-et-totalenergies-accelerent-sur-le-stockage-de-co2-1903841"}, "showSmallTitle": false, "type": "EXTERNAL_FULL", "title": {"textDirection": "FIRST_STRONG", "text": "Le Danemark et TotalEnergies acc\u00e9l\u00e8rent sur le stockage de CO2"}}}, "commentary": {"templateType": "DEFAULT", "translationUrn": "urn:li:fs_translation:(urn:li:share:7028725474373574656,fr)", "numLines": 3, "text": {"textDirection": "FIRST_STRONG", "text": "Une des solutions qui permettrait d'utiliser des combustibles fossiles sans d\u00e9ranger le climat s'appelle la capture et s\u00e9questration du CO2 (en anglais CCS pour Carbon Capture and Sequestration), et passe par les op\u00e9rations suivantes :\n\n- on \"attrape\" le CO2 d'une installation de combustion avant qu'il ne s'\u00e9chappe dans l'atmosph\u00e8re. Pour cela la fum\u00e9e barbote dans un liquide sp\u00e9cial - g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des amines - qui va \"accrocher\" les mol\u00e9cules de CO2 (on parle d'adsorption) et laisser partir le reste.\n\n- le CO2 est r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9 en faisant chauffer la solution qui l'a adsorb\u00e9,\n\n- il est compress\u00e9, transport\u00e9 dans un tuyau et enfin inject\u00e9 sous forme supercritique (une forme interm\u00e9diaire entre le gaz et le liquide) sous le sol dans une formation g\u00e9ologique dont il ne sortira plus\n\nCette op\u00e9ration n'a de sens que pour des installation fixes importantes (centrales \u00e0 charbon ou \u00e0 gaz, cimenteries ou aci\u00e9ries). La capture demande 20% \u00e0 30% de l'\u00e9nergie du site, et fait baisser la production (d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, d'acier...) d'autant. C'est de loin la premi\u00e8re barri\u00e8re \u00e0 l'utilisation de ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9.\n\nIl faut ensuite trouver o\u00f9 injecter ce CO2. Les anciens gisements de p\u00e9trole et de gaz sont une premi\u00e8re possibilit\u00e9. Ce sont de bons candidats, car, avant exploitation, ils \u00e9taient aptes \u00e0 retenir longtemps au m\u00eame endroit du liquide et du gaz sous pression. Il faut juste v\u00e9rifier que les forages d'exploitation (normalement scell\u00e9s \u00e0 la fin de vie du gisement) ne changent pas l'\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9.\n\nLes aquif\u00e8res souterrains - un m\u00e9lange de roche et d'eau - sont une deuxi\u00e8me possibilit\u00e9. Le CO2 inject\u00e9 finit par se dissoudre puis se transformer lentement en carbonates avec le temps.\n\nLes p\u00e9troliers connaissent assez bien l'injection du CO2 sous le sol :\n- dans beaucoup de gisements p\u00e9troliers le fait d'injecter du CO2 permet de mieux \"laver\" le gisement. En pareil cas le moteur de l'action n'est donc pas la vertu environnementale mais tout simplement l'augmentation du p\u00e9trole produit !\n- le gaz naturel extrait de terre contient toujours un peu de CO2, et ce dernier doit \u00eatre enlev\u00e9 avant le transport par gazoduc, sinon il y a un risque fort de corrosion des infrastructures (la pr\u00e9sence simultan\u00e9e d'eau et de CO2 cr\u00e9e un m\u00e9lange acide). Les op\u00e9rateurs doivent donc s\u00e9parer le gaz du CO2 en t\u00eate de puits, et en Norv\u00e8ge ce CO2 doit \u00eatre r\u00e9inject\u00e9 sinon le p\u00e9trolier paye une p\u00e9nalit\u00e9 \u00e0 la tonne. \n\nCe n'est donc pas un hasard si Total - un p\u00e9trolier - et le Danemark - la Mer du Nord - regardent ensemble ce qu'ils pourraient mettre comme CO2 sous la mer. Il reste \u00e0 trouver des industriels acceptant d'investir pour capturer le CO2 \u00e0 la source et \u00e0 se faire payer pour ca. \n\nOn parle potentiellement de 10 Mt de CO2 par an, soit 500 M\u20ac/an environ au cours actuel du CO2. C'est assez d'argent pour que ca vaille le coup de reconvertir une plate-forte, mais cela \u00e9vitera juste les \u00e9missions d'une centrale \u00e0 charbon. On ne va pas pouvoir compter que sur ca !"}, "originalLanguage": "French", "dashTranslationUrn": "urn:li:fsd_translation:(urn:li:share:7028725474373574656,fr)"}, "socialDetail": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialDetail:(urn:li:activity:7028725477036969984,urn:li:activity:7028725477036969984,urn:li:highlightedReply:-)", "comments": {"paging": {"start": 0, "count": 0, "total": 107, "links": []}, "elements": []}, "socialPermissions": {"dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7028725477036969984,urn:li:fsd_profile:ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM)", "canPostComments": true, "entityUrn": "urn:li:fs_socialPermissions:(urn:li:activity:7028725477036969984,urn:li:fs_profile:(ACoAACezhDYByiG-EGo31qm_ZSu2gSgyNAA1mZM,en_US))", "messagePermission": "PUBLIC", "canShare": true, "canReact": true}, "showPremiumAnalytics": false, "hideFirstPrompt": true, "liked": false, "showShareButton": true, "totalShares": 0, "urn": "urn:li:activity:7028725477036969984", "threadId": "activity:7028725477036969984", "allowedCommentersScope": "ALL", "totalSocialActivityCounts": {"socialDetailEntityUrn": "urn:li:fs_socialDetail:urn:li:activity:7028725477036969984", "urn": "urn:li:activity:7028725477036969984", "numComments": 201, "dashEntityUrn": "urn:li:fsd_socialActivityCounts:urn:li:activity:7028725477036969984", "reactionTypeCounts": [{"count": 1960, "reactionType": "LIKE"}, {"count": 578, "reactionType": "INTEREST"}, {"count": 129, "reactionType": "MAYBE"}, {"count": 17, "reactionType": "PRAISE"}, {"count": 11, "reactionType": "APPRECIATION"}, {"count": 8, "reactionType": "EMPATHY"}], "entityUrn": "urn:li:fs_socialActivityCounts:urn:li:activity:7028725477036969984", "numLikes": 2703, "liked": false}, "entityUrn": "urn:li:fs_socialDetail:urn:li:activity:7028725477036969984", "commentingDisabled": false, "likes": {"paging": {"start": 0, "count": 0, "total": 2706, "links": []}, "elements": []}}}]